All tiers
Tier V · Sub ratione

Baccalaureate

136 lessons
Begin lesson 1

Formal and statistical reasoning. Truth tables and natural deduction, quantifier scope, inductive strength and Mill’s methods, base rates, the standard statistical misreadings, and close rhetorical analysis of primary texts.

Unit 1 · Truth-Functional Logic

  1. Truth Tables and Material ImplicationNot started · 12 minBegin
  2. Well-Formed Formulas and the Main OperatorNot started · 12 minBegin
  3. Symbolizing English INot started · 12 minBegin
  4. Symbolizing English IINot started · 14 minBegin
  5. The BiconditionalNot started · 12 minBegin
  6. Tables Over Three VariablesNot started · 14 minBegin

Unit 2 · Equivalence and De Morgan

  1. Tautology, Contradiction, ContingencyNot started · 12 minBegin
  2. Logical EquivalenceNot started · 12 minBegin
  3. De Morgan's LawsNot started · 12 minBegin
  4. Negating a CompoundNot started · 13 minBegin
  5. Consistency and ContradictorinessNot started · 13 minBegin

Unit 3 · Testing Arguments by Table

  1. What a Table DecidesNot started · 13 minBegin
  2. The Full Table TestNot started · 16 minBegin
  3. Indirect Truth TablesNot started · 15 minBegin
  4. Proving Invalidity by CounterexampleNot started · 14 minBegin
  5. Counterexamples to a FormNot started · 14 minBegin

Unit 4 · Rules of Inference

  1. What a Derivation IsNot started · 13 minBegin
  2. Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens as RulesNot started · 13 minBegin
  3. Hypothetical and Disjunctive SyllogismNot started · 13 minBegin
  4. Constructive and Destructive DilemmaNot started · 14 minBegin
  5. Simplification, Conjunction, AdditionNot started · 13 minBegin
  6. Short DerivationsNot started · 15 minBegin

Unit 5 · The Replacement Rules

  1. Replacing a PartNot started · 13 minBegin
  2. Double Negation, Commutation, AssociationNot started · 13 minBegin
  3. Distribution and RedundancyNot started · 13 minBegin
  4. Transposition and Material Implication as RulesNot started · 14 minBegin
  5. Exportation and Material EquivalenceNot started · 14 minBegin

Unit 6 · Natural Deduction: Conditional and Indirect Proof

  1. Assuming for the Sake of ArgumentNot started · 13 minBegin
  2. Conditional ProofNot started · 14 minBegin
  3. Indirect ProofNot started · 14 minBegin
  4. Proving a Tautology from No PremisesNot started · 13 minBegin
  5. StrategyNot started · 14 minBegin
  6. Longer DerivationsNot started · 16 minBegin

Unit 7 · Predicate Logic

  1. Names, Predicates, and VariablesNot started · 12 minBegin
  2. The Universal QuantifierNot started · 12 minBegin
  3. The Existential QuantifierNot started · 12 minBegin
  4. Bound and FreeNot started · 11 minBegin
  5. ScopeNot started · 12 minBegin
  6. The Four Categorical Forms in NotationNot started · 13 minBegin

Unit 8 · Quantifier Rules and Quantifier Negation

  1. Universal InstantiationNot started · 12 minBegin
  2. Existential InstantiationNot started · 13 minBegin
  3. Existential and Universal GeneralizationNot started · 14 minBegin
  4. Change of QuantifierNot started · 13 minBegin
  5. Derivations in Predicate LogicNot started · 14 minBegin

Unit 9 · Relations, Overlapping Quantifiers, and Identity

  1. Relational PredicatesNot started · 12 minBegin
  2. Order MattersNot started · 13 minBegin
  3. Scope Ambiguity in EnglishNot started · 13 minBegin
  4. IdentityNot started · 13 minBegin
  5. Definite DescriptionsNot started · 14 minBegin

Unit 10 · Inductive Strength and Cogency

  1. Deduction and Induction, DistinguishedNot started · 12 minBegin
  2. Strength Comes in DegreesNot started · 12 minBegin
  3. CogencyNot started · 12 minBegin
  4. Enumerative InductionNot started · 12 minBegin
  5. Judging a SampleNot started · 12 minBegin
  6. Argument by AnalogyNot started · 13 minBegin
  7. The Statistical SyllogismNot started · 13 minBegin
  8. Demonstration and DialecticNot started · 10 minBegin

Unit 11 · Mill's Methods

  1. Eliminative InductionNot started · 12 minBegin
  2. The Method of AgreementNot started · 12 minBegin
  3. The Method of DifferenceNot started · 12 minBegin
  4. The Joint MethodNot started · 12 minBegin
  5. Concomitant VariationNot started · 12 minBegin
  6. ResiduesNot started · 13 minBegin

Unit 12 · Kinds of Cause

  1. Necessary CausesNot started · 12 minBegin
  2. Sufficient CausesNot started · 12 minBegin
  3. Conditions and CausesNot started · 13 minBegin
  4. Contributory CausesNot started · 13 minBegin
  5. Proximate and RemoteNot started · 13 minBegin
  6. The Four CausesNot started · 10 minBegin

Unit 13 · Causal Inference

  1. ConfoundingNot started · 14 minBegin
  2. What Randomization BuysNot started · 14 minBegin
  3. Observational StudiesNot started · 14 minBegin
  4. Reverse CausationNot started · 13 minBegin
  5. Natural ExperimentsNot started · 14 minBegin
  6. Reading a Causal Claim in the WildNot started · 15 minBegin

Unit 14 · The Biases That Manufacture Evidence

  1. Selection BiasNot started · 14 minBegin
  2. Survivorship BiasNot started · 13 minBegin
  3. Publication BiasNot started · 14 minBegin
  4. Regression to the MeanNot started · 14 minBegin
  5. Which One Is This?Not started · 14 minBegin

Unit 15 · Chance and Expectation

  1. What a Probability IsNot started · 14 minBegin
  2. IndependenceNot started · 14 minBegin
  3. The Gambler's FallacyNot started · 13 minBegin
  4. The Conjunction FallacyNot started · 13 minBegin
  5. Expected ValueNot started · 13 minBegin
  6. When Expected Value Is Not the Right GuideNot started · 15 minBegin

Unit 16 · Base Rates and Bayesian Intuition

  1. Conditional ProbabilityNot started · 13 minBegin
  2. Bayes' TheoremNot started · 14 minBegin
  3. Updating on EvidenceNot started · 14 minBegin
  4. Base Rate NeglectNot started · 15 minBegin
  5. The Prosecutor's FallacyNot started · 14 minBegin

Unit 17 · Statistical Literacy

  1. Correlation, Causation, and Simpson's ParadoxNot started · 12 minBegin
  2. Describing a DistributionNot started · 14 minBegin
  3. Population, Sample, and Sampling FrameNot started · 14 minBegin
  4. Random Sampling and Sampling ErrorNot started · 13 minBegin
  5. Margin of Error and the Confidence IntervalNot started · 15 minBegin
  6. Reading a PollNot started · 15 minBegin

Unit 18 · Testing a Hypothesis

  1. The Null HypothesisNot started · 14 minBegin
  2. What a p-Value IsNot started · 16 minBegin
  3. Statistical and Practical SignificanceNot started · 14 minBegin
  4. Type I and Type II ErrorNot started · 14 minBegin
  5. Effect Size and PowerNot started · 15 minBegin
  6. Cherry-Picking and p-HackingNot started · 15 minBegin
  7. The Texas SharpshooterNot started · 14 minBegin

Unit 19 · Abduction and Inference to the Best Explanation

  1. A Third Kind of InferenceNot started · 13 minBegin
  2. Generating RivalsNot started · 13 minBegin
  3. Explanatory VirtuesNot started · 14 minBegin
  4. Abduction in an ArgumentNot started · 14 minBegin
  5. Where This Is DoubtedNot started · 11 minBegin

Unit 20 · Argument Mapping

  1. Rendering an Argument as a StructureNot started · 13 minBegin
  2. Linked and Convergent SupportNot started · 14 minBegin
  3. Serial SupportNot started · 13 minBegin
  4. Implicit PremisesNot started · 15 minBegin
  5. Mapping ObjectionsNot started · 14 minBegin
  6. Mapping a Real PassageNot started · 16 minBegin

Unit 21 · Charitable Reconstruction and Steelmanning

  1. ReconstructionNot started · 13 minBegin
  2. The Limit of CharityNot started · 13 minBegin
  3. SteelmanningNot started · 14 minBegin
  4. A Strong Objection and a Strong-Sounding OneNot started · 14 minBegin
  5. Answering the SteelmanNot started · 13 minBegin
  6. A Mind Changed in PublicNot started · 11 minBegin

Unit 22 · Close Reading

  1. Reading a Text as an ArgumentNot started · 15 minBegin
  2. Federalist No. 10Not started · 16 minBegin
  3. Brutus against the Extended RepublicNot started · 16 minBegin
  4. The Freeport QuestionNot started · 16 minBegin
  5. Burke to the Electors of BristolNot started · 16 minBegin

Unit 23 · The Subtle Fallacies

  1. The Motte and the BaileyNot started · 10 minBegin
  2. False BalanceNot started · 10 minBegin
  3. Weak Analogy, NamedNot started · 10 minBegin
  4. Old Fallacies in Long CoatsNot started · 11 minBegin
  5. The AuditNot started · 11 minBegin

Unit 24 · The Engineered Audience

  1. Propaganda and Its TargetNot started · 12 minBegin
  2. Loaded Language at ScaleNot started · 10 minBegin
  3. The Algorithmic CampaignNot started · 11 minBegin
  4. Fluency Without WarrantNot started · 11 minBegin
  5. Synthetic ConsensusNot started · 10 minBegin